Monitorización de la capacidad de degradación de las nuevas bacterias haloalcalifílicas resistentes a cloruro de tributiltina (TBTCl) en una ubicación contaminada por butiltina / Monitoring the degradation capability of novel haloalkaliphilic tributyltin chloride (TBTCl) resistant bacteria from butyltin-polluted site

Tributyltin (TBT) is recognized as a major environmental problem at a global scale. Haloalkaliphilic tributyltin (TBT)-degrading bacteria may be a key factor in the remediation of TBT polluted sites. In this work, three haloalkaliphilic bacteria strains were isolated from a TBT-contaminated site in the Mediterranean Sea. After analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences the isolates were identified as Sphingobium sp. HS1, Stenotrophomonas chelatiphaga HS2 and Rhizobium borbori HS5. The optimal growth conditions for biodegradation of TBT by the three strains were pH 9 and 7% (w/v) salt concentration. S. chelatiphaga HS2 was the most effective TBT degrader and has the ability to transform most TBT into dibutyltin and monobutyltin (DBT and MBT). A gene was amplified from strain HS2 and identified as TBTB-permease-like, that encodes an ArsB-permease. A reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis in the HS2 strain confirmed that the TBTB-permease-like gene contributes to TBT resistance. The three novel haloalkaliphilic TBT degraders have never been reported previously.

Se considera a la tributiltina (TBT) como un problema medioambiental serio a escala global. Las bacterias haloalcalifílicas degradadoras de TBT pueden constituir un factor clave para remediar áreas contaminadas con dicho xenobiótico. En este estudio se aislaron 3 cepas de bacterias haloalcalifílicas procedentes de un sitio contaminado con TBT en el mar Mediterráneo. Tras analizar las secuencias del gen de 16S del ARNr, se identificaron los aislados como Sphingo-bium sp. HS1, Stenotrophomonas chelatiphaga HS2 y Rhizobium borbori HS5. Las condiciones de crecimiento óptimas para la biodegradación de TBT por parte de las 3 cepas fueron pH 9 y 7% (p/v) de concentración de sal. S. chelatiphaga HS2 fue el degradador de TBT más efectivo, con capacidad de transformar la mayor parte de ese compuesto en dibutiltina y monobutiltina (DBT y MBT). Se amplificó un gen de la cepa HS2, que fue identificado como tipo TBTB-permeasa, que codifica para una ArsB permeasa. Un análisis de la cepa HS2 por reacción en cadena de la polimerasa con transcriptasa inversa (RT PCR) confirmó que el gen TBTB-permeasa contribuye a la resistencia al TBT. Estos 3 nuevos degradadores haloalcalifílicos de TBT no habían sido reportados previamente.

Protein analysis and heavy metals accumulation in muscles of wild and farmed nile tilapia [oreochromis niloticus]

The present study aimed to assess the levels of some heavy metals [Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn and Cd] in muscles of wild and farmed Oreochromis niloticus as well as to evaluate the human hazard index associated with fish consumption

In addition, total protein, molecular weights and band counts of sarcoplasmic proteins were investigated with sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [SDS-PAGE] method. The obtained results revealed that the accumulation of Cu has the highest value in farmed Oreochromis niloticus compared to wild Oreochromis niloticus while the highest Fe, Pb, Zn and Cd concentrations were recorded in wild Oreochromis niloticus compared to farmed Oreochromis niloticus

The calculated hazard index [HI] indicated that all metals had low HI except Pb and Cd levels in both wild and farmed fish were higher than their permissible limits for fish as a human food

There was no significant [P> 0.05] difference between wild and farmed Oreochromis niloticus in total protein

Wild fish predominant farmed fish in the number of separated proteins

Wild fish muscle protein showed 12 protein bands, while farmed fish muscle proteins showed 11 protein bands. Also, these bands were differed in quantitative parameters. Wild fish had unique bands [MW. 198.13, 97.92, 56.77 and 29.75] while farmed fish had unique bands [MW. 121.62, 79.05 and 26,16]

The current data found that there are differences in electrophoretic pattern and heavy metals accumulation between wild and farmed Oreochromis niloticus

Reporting of the circumferential tumour margin involvement and preoperative levels of carcinoembryonic antigen as prognostic risk factors in colorectal cancer patients

Background and study aims: The two very important prognostic risk factors of colorectal cancer are circumferential tumour margin [CTM] involvement and preoperative levels of carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA]. The aim of this study is to monitor the frequency of reporting of the CTM in the postoperative pathology reports after colorectal cancer resection in addition to monitoring the frequency of reporting of preoperative levels of CEA and exploring the possibility of improving the frequency of reporting of both

Patients and methods: Reports of the CTM and preoperative level of CEA were found in 730 [664 retrospective and 66 prospective] patients with colorectal cancer. The possibility of improving the incidence of reporting was estimated by comparing the reporting frequency of both [retrospective and prospective] groups

Results: The percentage of reporting the involvement of the CTM was 46.08% and 81.81% for the retrospective group and the prospective group, respectively. The percentage of reporting the preoperative CEA levels was 40.9% and 68.7% for the retrospective and the prospective groups, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in reporting both CTMs and the preoperative level of CEA between retrospective and prospective groups to the side of prospective group in which the p-value was <0.0001 for both groups

Conclusion: There was inadequate reporting of both the CTM involvement and preoperative levels of CEA in the retrospective patients with statistically significant improvement of this reporting in patients in the prospective group. This may point to the unawareness of the importance of both in the prognosis of colorectal cancer, which may be because both are not involved in the widely used tumour, node, metastasis [TNM] staging system

Hepatitis C Virus Infection and Coronary Arteriosclerosis: The Growing Evidences.

Arteriosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular pathology that features a leading cause of coronary artery disease contributing to significant mortality and reduced quality of life. The recent identification of the possible role of infections in the initiation of a serious of inflammatory events represents an interesting development towards the better understanding of immune mediated vascular injury and premature atherosclerosis in patients with chronic HCV infection. A number of factors related to chronic HCV infection have been hypothesized to contribute to arteriosclerosis. The current review displays some of the aspects of interaction between the chronic viral infection, the immune system and cytokine networks and its relation to the increased risk of coronary artery disease.

Fauna of mosquito larvae [diptera: culicida] in Asir provence, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

An entomological survey was undertaken for one year to update the mosquito fauna of Asir Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. A total of 31 species of 8 genera were reported of which genus Culex [55%] was the most common. Most of collected larvae [59%] belonged to genus Culex [+ Lutzid] followed by Culiseta [26%], Anopheles [13%] and Aedine spp.[2%]. Cx. pipiens [39%] and Cs. longiareolata [26.%] were generally the most abundant of all collected larvae. Of the Anopheles spp., An. dthali was common [40%], of Culex spp., Cx. pipiens was predominating [66%] and of Aedine spp., St. aegypti was predominating [71%]. Four species: An.fluviatilis, Cx. mattinglyi, Cx. arbieeni and Cx. mimeticus were new reports in Asir Region and Cx. wigglesworthi recorded for the first time from the kingdom. Larvae were more common in low- and highlands than in the moderately altitude areas. In general all species prefer stagnant water but with the exception of Aedine larvae [altogether], the other species prefer presence of algae, vegetation and shade and absence of turbidity [except Culex spp.]. A total of 98 different forms of association were reported of which 9 forms were common. All genera breed year round with peaks of abundance during spring for Anopheles spp. and Culex spp. and during winter for Aedine spp. and Cs. longiareolata. A Complete list of mosquito fauna of Asir Region comprising 45 spp. was presented based on the present and previous surveys. The study concluded that the occurrence and prevalence of friosquito species mainly the disease vectors in Asir carry the thread of maintaining and transmission of several mosquito-borne diseases

In-vitro antibacterial and antioxidant properties of starch/ chitosan edible composite film incorporated with thyme essential oil

Nowadays, packaging research is receiving considerable attention because of the development of ecofriendly materials made from natural polymers such as starch and chitosan. This study aimed to prepare composite films from starch-chitosan, incorporated with Thymus vulgaris essential oil [S-CH-Th], and to evaluate their antibacterial, antioxidant and optical properties. The molecular weight of chitosan was [[tilde]400 kDa, 75-85% deacetylated]. 27% amylose corn starch, Tween 80, DPPH [2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl] and Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were used to carry out research. Antibacterial activity testing was performed using the disk method. Antioxidant activity test was performed using a spectrophotometric method with DPPH as the radical source. Essential oil concentrations ranging from 0 to 2%, incorporated into a starch- chitosan composite [S-CH] film, were used. Antibacterial and antioxidant properties increased significantly with the incorporation of Essential oils [EO] [P < 0.05]. On incorporating EO, there was an increase in the total colour differences [DELTAE], yellowness index and whiteness index, which were significantly higher than those of the control, and the transparency was reduced. Also, the results showed that chitosan edible films incorporated with T. vulgaris EO could be used as active films because of their excellent antibacterial and antioxidant activities. S-CH edible films incorporated with thyme EO as a natural antibacterial and antioxidant agent may potentially be used as an active packaging to enhance the safety of foods and food products

Histopathological changes in liver of mice after experimental envenomation with androctonus amoreuxi scorpion venom

A total of 78 adult male Albino mice were divided into thirteen groups [6 mice in each]. One served as a control group and the other twelve groups were venom treated groups. The mice of treated groups were injected with 0.1 ml saline solution in which a particular amount of scorpion venom. The first 6 groups were subcutaneously injected with 1/2 LD50 [0.05 microg/g body weight], while the other 6 groups were injected with 1/4 LD 50 [0.025 microg/g body weight] by the same route. The animals from each group were anesthetized with ethyl ether and sacrificed at different time intervals [3, 6, 9, 12 hrs, 4 and 7days post toxin administration]. The microscopic examination of liver tissue obtained from envenomed animals showed variable histopathological changes being severely increased with the time interval of envenoming. The most obvious changes in the liver were acute cellular swelling, hydropic degeneration, congestion of central veins and portal blood vessels. Besides, extramedullary hematopoiesis and invaginations in nuclei of hepatic cells, with formation of intranuclear cytoplasmic inclusions were observed

Effects of exposure to flour dust on respiratory symptoms and pulmonary function of mill workers

Objective: To assess the effect of exposure to flour dust on respiratory symptoms and lung function of flour mill workers and to estimate the additive effect of smoking on pulmonary function

Patients and methods: This study was carried out at flour mills in Sohag Governorate. Two hundred male workers with current exposure to flour dust and two hundred non-exposed male as a control group were interviewed and self designed study questionnaire was administered to them and the parameters of their pulmonary function were measured

Results: Respiratory symptoms such as cough, expectoration, wheezing, and shortness of breath, were significantly [p < 0.0001] higher among exposed workers as compared to unexposed. Furthermore highly significant [p < 0.0001] decrements in the pulmonary function of exposed subjects were noted. Moreover, a highly significant decline in FEV1%, FVC% and FEV1/FVC% was noticed regarding the duration of exposure to flour dust [p < 0.0001]. Also, there was a highly significant difference between heavily exposed compared to lightly exposed subjects [p < 0.001]. The additive effect of smoking was noticed as there was a highly significant decline of FVC%, FEV1%, FEV1/FVC%, FEF25% and FEF75% in smokers compared to non-smokers [p < 0.0001]

Conclusion: Flour mill workers in Sohag Governorate, like grain workers elsewhere, were at an increased risk of developing pulmonary symptoms, a strong association exists between exposure to flour dust and the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and functional impairments of the lungs. The result has implications for improved dust control measures in the grain industry in Egypt

meld score a reliable outcome predictor in living donor liver transplantation?

In patients undergoing orthotopic liver transplantation [OLT], some studies have shown that a higher preopcrative MELD score is associated with higher morbidity and mortality [Saab et aL 2003]. Other studies also suggest that higher MELD scores are associated with increased inlraoperativc risks [Xia et al 2008]. to evaluate the impact of preoperative MELD status on metabolic, electrolyte and haemodynamic changes during living donar liver transplantation, and consequently on outcome and for right choice of candidate who will get greatest benefit from transplantation. After approval iron- ethical committee and a written consent from every patient a prospective observational study including 40 patients scheduled for living donor liver transplantation in Wady El nile hospital. Patients classified according to MELD score into group 1 [Gl] with score <25 and group2 [G2] > 25. Haemodynamic, metabolic and electrolytes data collected during the three phases: pro anhepatic, anhepatic and post reperfusion phase and follow up for 1[st] post operative week then two years mortality. G2 associated with significant intraoperative haemodynamic disturbances in all stages compared to Gl in the form of lower mean arterial blood pressure, lower systemic vascular resistance, higher pulmonary vascular resistance, and higher cardiac output. Also there were more intraoperative metabolic and electrolyte disturbances as there were more acidosis, lower standard bicarbonate values, more base deficits, more negative anion gap and strong ion difference, higher serum potassium level, poor intraoperative glycemic control and much higher blood lactate level. Also there were higher early mortality in G2 8 cases [40%] while 3 cases [15%] in GL 2 years mortality in Gl 5 cases [25%] while 10 cases [50%] in G2,, time of ICU stay was 5.1 days in G1 and 7 days in G2 time of hospital stay was 21.6 days in Gl and 26.2 days in G2 High MELD score patients associated with more intraoperative haemodynamic, metabolic and electrolyte disturbances, longer postoperative ICU and hospital stay and higher mortality

Amelioratory effects of vitamin E against biochemical toxicity induced by deltamethrin in male rats

Deltamethrin [DLM] is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide known for its wide toxic manifestations. The present experiment pertains to the protective role of vitamin E [vit E] against biochemical toxicity following pesticide exposure during 30 days. Male albino rats were divided into four groups of six each: Group I served as control rats [0 mg [vit E] and 0 mg DLM/kg body weight], Group II received deltamethrin [7.5mg/kg body weight]. Group III received vit E [100 mg/kg body weight]. Group IV received both deltamethrin [7.5mg/kg body weight] plus vit E [100mg/kg body weight]. Exposure of rats to DLM induced significant increase in the levels of hepatic markers enzymes, alanine aminotransferase [ALT], aspartate aminotransferase [AST], and alkaline phosphatase [ALP]; while acetylcholinesterase [AChE] was inhibited. Significant decrease in catalase [CAT] and glutathione S-transferase [GST] enzyme activities were observed in treated rats. Furthermore, renal markers such as urea and creatinine were increased in deltamethrin treated rats. Additionally, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein [LDL] and the level of high-density lipoprotein [HDL] were significantly increased and decreased, respectively. Co-administration of vit E restored all the parameters cited above to near-normal values. Our investigation showed that vit E acts as an effective antioxidant for DLM pesticide toxicity in reducing oxidative stress burden

Assessment the nurses performance in providing care to patients undergoing nasogastric tube in suez canaluniversity hospital

Nasogastric tube feeding is the introduction of liquid, via a tube inserted through the nose and running directly to the stomach. In general, tube feeding is a technique used for those who are unable to eat on their own. The aim of the present study is to assess nurses' performance in providing care to patients undergoing nasogastric tube. The study was a descriptive research design was used to conduct this study; a total number of 50 nurse were selected randomly using systematic sampling technique. Data were collected over a period of four months, using two tools: Tool [1] Questionnaire sheets to assess nurses knowledge about care provided to patients undergoing nasogastric tube. Tool [2]: Observational checklist to assess the nurses practice in providing care to patients undergoing nasogastric tube. The results of the present study revealed that unsatisfactory level of performance in providing care to patients undergoing nasogastric tube among nurses in the sample. Age and experience was correlated with levels of nurse's knowledge. However, there were statistical significant differences between practice and gender, marital status and graduation. The study recommended that they had satisfactory theoretical knowledge and clinical applications nasogastric tube care and feeding parts should be taught together, to facilitate learning continuous evaluation of nurse's knowledge and performance is essential to identify nurse's needs

Assessment the nurses performance in providing care to patients undergoing chest tube in Suez Canal university hospital

Chest tube care is one of the most important nursing procedures because patients who need chest tubes are usually seriously ill and require advanced nursing care. Accordingly, vigilant and expert nursing care can prevent serious complications. The aim of the present study is to assess nurses' performance in providing care to patients undergoing chest tube. The study was a descriptive research design was used to conduct this study; a total number of 70 nurses were selected randomly using systematic sampling technique. Data were collected for a period of four months, using two tools: Tool [1] Questionnaire sheets to assess nurses, knowledge about care provided to patients undergoing chest tube. Tool [2]: Observational checklist to assess the nurses' practice in providing care to patients undergoing chest tube. The results of the present study revealed that unsatisfactory level of performance in providing care to patients undergoing chest tube among nurses in the sample. There was significant relation between nurses, knowledge, practice and degree of qualification. Also there was no correlation between nurses, knowledge and practice .The study recommended that improve nurses, theoretical knowledge and clinical applications of chest tube care and continuous evaluation of nurse's knowledge and performance is essential to identify nurse's needs

Spontaneous pregnancy outcome after surgical repair of clinically palpable varicocele in young men with abnormal semen analysis

Objective: The beneficial effect of varicocele repair in male infertility remains unresolved. The aim of this study was to identify the benefit from varicocele treatment based on pregnancy rate rather than improvement of semen quality.Subjects and Methods: This study included 141 infertile men with varicocele detected by clinical examination and confirmed by venous reflux on continuous wave Doppler ultrasonography (US). Measurement of Body Mass Index (BMI) and hormonal assays were performed in all patients. A total of 233 sub-inguinal varicocele repairs were done. Couples were followed up with semen analysis and pregnancy detection for 6, 12 and 18 months. Statistical analysis was performed using the chi-square, t-test and Mann-Whitney test where appropriate (p <0.05 accepted as statistically significant).Results: The spontaneous pregnancy rate was significantly greater in men with low or normal BMI. There were statistically significant differences between postoperative mean sperm count (64.7±6.8 and 10.5±1.8 million/ml) and progressive motility (38.3±2.4 and 17.7±1.8%) for spontaneous pregnancy and non-pregnancy, respectively. There were also significant changes from pre- to postoperative mean sperm concentration (21.5±2.1 and 64.7±3.8 million/ml), progressive motility (12.9±1.8 and 31.7±1.4%) and normal morphology (54±1.3 and 81.3±4.6%) in the spontaneous pregnancy cohort. Comparing pre- and postoperative serum hormone levels, FSH and prolactin decreased significantly in spontaneous pregnancy (6.57±0.65 to 4.6±0.53 IU/L and 166.2±11.8 to 149.3±10.4 pmol/L, respectively) and increased in non-pregnancy (9.05±0.71 IU/L and 187.8±13.3 pmol/L, respectively).Conclusion: Spontaneous pregnancy after sub-inguinal varicocelectomy is significantly affected by BMI, sperm concentration, progressive motility and morphology. The decrease of FSH may predict the spontaneous pregnancy outcome

effect of aminophylline versus milrinone on ischemia-reperfusion myocardial injury during open heart surgery

Cardioplegic arrest during cardiopulmonary bypass [CPB] is essential for the majority of cardiac surgical procedures; Cardioplegia protects the myocardium by providing continuous or intermittent oxygen while simultaneously reducing cardiomyocyte oxygen demand, but it does not inherently increase the ischemic-reperfusion injury tolerance of the cardiomyocytes. Aminophylline and milrinone by their phosphodiesterase inhibitor and anti-inflammatory activity may decrease this type of injury. This study has been designed to compare between the protective effect of aminophylline and milrinone over the heart during open heart surgery for valve replacement with CPB. Sixty adult patients undergoing elective single valve replacement were randomized to receive aminophylline 5 mg/kg [n=20], milrinone 50 microg/kg [n=20], or normal saline as control group [n=20] through intravenous infusion 10 minutes before the aortic cross-clamping. The cardiac troponin I, inotrope score, duration of mechanical ventilation, and length of ICU stay and other hemodynamic variables were measured and recorded. There were no differences between the three groups with regard to clinical variables. Cardiac troponin I raised significantly after declamping in the three groups, however it was significantly lower in aminophylline and milrinone group compared to control group immediately after CPB and after 8 hours with no significant differences between aminophylline and milrinone group, inotrope score duration of mechanical ventilation and length of ICU stay showed no significant differences between the three groups. Administration of aminophylline or milrinone reduces the subclinical myocardial injury with no difference between both agents and with no effect on the hemodynamic parameters or short term clinical outcome in patients undergoing single valve replacement with CPB

Role of multislice CT in diagnosis of parenchymal renal masses

The challenges of renal tumoral imaging include not only reliable differentiation between benign and malignant lesions but also accurate delineation of the extent of the disease to ensure optimal treatment planning. The aim of this study is to evaluate the role of multiphasic multidetector CT in characterization of parenchymal renal masses and identify the role and accuracy of MDCT in detection and surgical planning of renal masses as one single modality, using the state of art of CT. The study included 20 patients out of 120 patients with parenchymal renal masses underwent MDCT with single holus technique and four phases including unenhanced phase, arterial phase, nephrographic phase and excretory phase. According to MDCT findings we can classifyparenchymal renal masses into: 14 malignant renal masses [10 renal cell carcinoma RCC and 4 Wilm's tumor] and 6 benign renal masses [2 angiomylipoma AML, 2 xanthoglumerulonephritis 2 renal abscess,]. MDCT imaging can differentiate between different types of parenchymal renal masses

effect of pH on flavor formation and antioxidant activity of amino acid and sugars interaction products

Flavor is the crucial part of eating quality. In the preparation of natural identical flavor in different model systems like cysteine- ribose [cys-rib], cysteine-glucose [cys- glu] and cysteine-beef fat [cys-BF] affected at different pH [4.5, 7 and 10] a wide range of flavors was obtained. The proteins as glutamine, glutamic acid and the sugars as D- ribose and D-glucose,l,l-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl [DPPH] and beta-Carotene and all the lab grade chemical as Linoleic acid, Polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate [Tween-80], Chloroform [99%], Anhydrous sodium sulfate, Dichloromethane [99.8%], 0.1 N HC1 and 0.1N NaOH, Gallic acid, Sodium carbonate, Folin-Ciocalteu reagent were used to conduct research. In sugar and amino acid model system, roasted and burnt meat flavor was obvious while in beef fat model system boiled meat flavor was dominated which was strongly supported by sensory evaluation. In rib-cys and glu-cys model systems total phenolic contents [TPC] were highest at pH 7 and pH 4.5, respectively along with browning, leading to strong antioxidant activity. In beef fat-cys model system it was found that as pH increases TPC, browning increases and antioxidant activity becomes maximum at basic pH. All the results indicated that, there is a positive relationship between the TPC, browning and antioxidant activity of all model systems

Metacercariae recovered from fresh-water fishes in the vicinity of Qualkyobia Governorate, Egypt

A total of 410 Tilapia zillii, 70 Clarias gariepinus, 30 Bagrus bajad and 15 Chlrysichthys auratus fishes were collected from different water bodies in Qualyobia Governorate. Microscopic examination of samples showed infection in muscles and head region [gills and branchial cavity] with encysted metacercariae in 91.7% of T. zillii, 82.85% of Cl. gariepinus, 70% of B. bajad and 86.66% of Ch. auratus. The highest distribution of metacercarial infection among the T. zillii was in the muscles of posterior third and tail followed by the middle third, anterior third and head region [gills and branchial cavity] while the highest distribution of metacercarial infection among Cl. gariepinus was in the middle third muscles followed by the posterior third, anterior third and lastly in the head region. The highest metacercarial infection among B. bajad and Ch. auratus fish was in the posterior third muscles and branchial cavity respectively. The taxonomic morphology of the encysted metacercariae and the excysted ones was given

Studies on zoonotic cryptosporidiosis parvum in Ismailia Governorate, Egypt

A total of 390 stool samples from children less than 8 years old attending the MOHP central hospital in Ismailia District were examined for cryptosporidiosis. Stools were subjected to direct wet smear method and Sheather's sugar flotation and stained with Modified Z.N. Among the 390 children 204 were diarrheic of whom C. parvum was positive in 68 [33.3%]. The highest infection rate was 26/46 among children less than 2 months, 40/150 among children less than 2 years and 2/8 among children less than 7 years. Of these children the clinical pictures ranged from diarrhea [20.7%], to dehydration [20%], abdominal pain and mild fever [19.2%], and the lowest was tenesmus [6.25%]. The infection rate was 88.2% among cryptosporidiosis children compared to 11.8% that not in contact with animals. Water samples examined showed was 0.0% in bottled water up to 9.33% in water tank. C. parvum in farm animals was 20.9% in sheep, 22.5% in buffaloes, 23.7% in cows and 25.9% in goats

Correlation between fluorescein angiography, optical coherence topography and visual acuity in diffuse diabetic macular edema pre and post intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide

To study the correlation between macular thickness by OCT, macular edema by FA and visual acuity finding in eyes with diffuse diabetic macular edema pre and after intravitreal injection of triamcinolone acetonide. This study included 40 eyes of 28 diabetic patients diagnosed as they had diabetic macular edema. Group I: included 20 eyes with primary diabetic macular edema. Group II: included 20 eyes with refractory diabetic macular edema. All patients received 4mg of intravitreal triamcinolone acetonide [IV TA]. Full ophthalmological examination. Fluorescein angiography and measurement of macular thickness [MT] by OCT were done to all cases preoperatively and 1.3 and 6 months postoperatively. Pre IVTA in group I: there was strong negative correlation between FA and VA[r/=-0.519] and weak correlation MT and VA[r=-0.421] while the correlation was positive between MT and VA[r=0.924]. In group II; there was negative correlation between FA,MT and VA[r=-0.594 and r=-0.672] but the correlation between MT and VA was positive, after IVTA allover the follow up period there was positive correlation between FA and MT in both groups. While the Correlation between BCVA and FA in Group I was negative correlation at 3rd and 6th month, the correlation in Group II was statistically non significant The correlation between MT and VA in group I was statistically significant 3 months after injection in both groups, however its effect decreases and recurrence of macular edema occurred 6 months after injection. In group II the correlation between MT and VA was statistically non significant. There is strong correlation between VA, OCT and fluorescein leakage. Visual acuity depends mainly on the macular perfusion not the amount of edema. OCT can differentiate between diffuse macular edema and cystoid macular edema diagnosed by fluorescein angiography

Potential antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects of propolis extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Free radicals have been implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus leading to various complications including atherosclerosis. Propolis was reported to have oxygen radical scavenging activity. The present study was designed to investigate the possible antidiabetic, hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects of ethanolic extract of propolis [EEP]. Type[2] diabetes was induced in rats by injection of streptozotocin [STZ] in a dose of 60 mg/kg bwt, i.p. for 3 consecutive days. After 5 weeks of STZ injection, there were an apparent reduction in the animal body weight amounting to 21% and significant increases in serum glucose [184%], triglycerides [63%], total cholesterol [43%] and low density lipoprotein-cholesterol [LDL-C] [148%] with a concomitant decrease in serum high density lipoprotein-cholesterol [HDL-C] [51%] as compared to the control normal group. In addition, there was significant elevation in pancreatic lipid peroxides measured as malondialdehyde [MDA] and serum nitric oxide [NO] amounting to 185% and 224%, respectively with marked reduction in serum reduced glutathione [GSH] andcatalase [CAT] [66% and 31%, respectively] and pancreatic superoxide dismutase [SOD] [54%] in STZ-treated rats. On the other hand, oral daily treatment of animals with EEP in a dose of 200mg/kg bwt for a period of 5 weeks ameliorated STZ-induced alterations in the animal body weight as well as in serum glucose, lipids, lipoproteins, NO, GSH and CAT and pancreatic MDA and SOD. In conclusion, propolis extract offers promising antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects that may be mainly attributed to its potent antioxidant potential. Further studies will be needed in future in order to determine which one[or more] of its active constituents has the main antidiabetic and hypolipidemic effects